a British geologist who served as director-general of the British Geological Survey. He is noted for investigating and describing the Silurian, Devonian and Permian systems.

a German mathematician often cited as the "father of modern analysis".

an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He was also a philosopher of science and a popularizer of science.

a German mathematician and one of the most influential mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries

an Italian physicist who invented a number of instruments critical to investigating thermodynamics and electrochemistry

a French historian and an author on other topics whose major work was a history of France and its culture