a Scottish physician and microbiologist, known for discovering the first broadly effective antibiotic, which he named penicillin, the "single greatest victory ever achieved over disease."

a Czech lyrical poet. He was nominated for the Nobel prize in literature eight times.

a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation.

an Italian physicist, and mathematician. He contributed to the modern principle of scientific investigation by continuing Galileo's practice of testing hypotheses against observation.

an English physician and a leader in the development of anaesthesia and medical hygiene

a German chemist and Nobel laureate. In 1936 he left Kiel to join I G Farben Industrie at Leverkusen, where he worked on synthetic rubber.