a Swiss-born Italian pharmacologist best known for his discovery in 1937 of antihistamines, which block the neurotransmitter histamine and are used in allergy medication.

a German writer, philosopher, theologian, historian and journalist.

an Italian painter, architect, engineer, writer, and historian, best known for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

an Irish astronomer, geophysicist, ornithologist, explorer, soldier and the 30th president of the Royal Society.

an Italian writer. She was the first Italian woman to receive the Nobel prize, and only the second woman in general after Selma Lagerlöf was awarded hers in 1909.

a Swiss chemist who received the Nobel prize in Medicine for his 1939 discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.