a logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Considered along with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history,

a German physician, pathologist, and anatomist. "On Miasma and Contagia," was an early argument for the germ theory of disease. He was an important figure in the development of modern medicine.

a German mathematician. Skilled in applied mathematics, he trained German army officers in ballistics

a German dramatist and novelist. He is counted among the most important promoters of literary naturalism,

a Czech anatomist and physiologist. In 1839, he coined the term protoplasm for the fluid substance of a cell.

a Slovenian-Austrian chemist and physician