a Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years

a French artist. He began his study of art at the age of eleven at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, under the guidance of Constant Montald, and later he studied in Paris.

a Dutch physician and professor of physiology whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of antineuritic vitamins (thiamine)

a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist"

an Italian polymath He was one of the key figures in the foundation of probability and the earliest introducer of the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem in the Western world

a German mathematician, noted for his proof, published in 1882, that π is a transcendental number, meaning it is not a root of any polynomial with rational coefficients.