an English scientist, inventor, and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes, precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries.

a German mathematician, best known for his contributions to the theory of elliptic functions, differential equations, number theory, and to group theory

a French chemist, politician, and aeronaut. He is credited with producing the first systematic method of chemical nomenclature.

an Italian modernist poet, journalist, essayist, critic, academic, and recipient of the inaugural 1970 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.

an Italian physicist, notable for demonstrating that radiant heat has similar physical properties to those of light.

a German anatomist, known for summarizing neuron theory and for naming the chromosome.