a French physicist and aristocrat who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory

a French author and an influential member of the Institut de France, noted especially for his accessible treatment of scientific topics during the unfolding of the Age of Enlightenment.

a German astronomer remembered for his work on sunspots

a French chemist and pharmacist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds

a Spanish poet and dramatist, who became National Laureate

a Soviet and Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.