an early proponent of the use of cinchona bark. His most important contribution to medicine was his book on occupational diseases, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba ("Diseases of Workers")

a German neuroanatomist, physiologist, and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain.

a Norwegian chemist and professor of chemistry at the University of Kristiania. Along with his brother-in-law Cato Maximilian Guldberg, he co-discovered and developed the law of mass action

a Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry

a Russian mathematician who made noteworthy contributions to analysis, partial differential equations and mechanics.

an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics, and the statistical explanation of the second law of thermodynamics