a French geologist known to geologists in connection with his theory of the origin of mountain ranges

a Norwegian mathematician. He largely created the theory of continuous symmetry and applied it to the study of geometry and differential equations.

a German physiologist, medical doctor. He was the sole recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931. He was nominated for the award 47 times over the course of his career

a Swedish mineralogist and chemist who discovered the element nickel in 1751 as a mining expert with the Bureau of Mines.

an Italian physicist and mathematician, and a student of Galileo. He is best known for his invention of the barometer, but also for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles.

a French mathematician, astronomer, and geophysicist. He was a prominent Newtonian whose work helped to establish the validity of those principles